Bladder Pain Syndrome (BPS): Formally known as interstitial cystitis, BPS is a condition marked by pain and tenderness in the pelvic region, pain that worsens as the bladder fills, excessive urination, and pain during sexual intercourse. These symptoms can range from minimal discomfort to sever pain. BPS affects more than 1 million people, the majority of which are women. It is caused by damage to the wall of the bladder, which allows irritating chemicals in the urine to harm the bladder.

Bladder Infection: mainly caused by intestine-dwelling bacteria called E. coli, these infections are extremely uncomfortable and can become very serious if ignored. Women frequently contract bladder infections from intercourse and those who are pregnant are increasingly susceptible. Some common symptoms are: bladder spasms, urinary incontinence, foul-smelling urine, painful burning during urination, and rarely, fever. If diagnosed early, these urological infections can be treated easily and quickly with antibiotics. There are several subcategories of bladder infections, which are recognized according to the section of the bladder they affect.

• Pyelonephritis—this type of infection affects the kidneys ability to filter waste and excess water from the body. It also hinders the circulation of protein and nutrients. Pyelonephritis can continue to worsen if left untreated, as bacteria will begin to invade the kidneys.
   
• Cystitis—this is the most common type of urinary tract infection. It is contracted when a patient may already have another urological problem, and the bacteria have reached the bladder through the urethra. In pregnant women, cystitis is caused when the growing uterus presses against the bladder, creating a blockage that may keep urine from being excreted. This, in turn, creates an ideal space for bacteria to stagnate and multiply.
   
• Urethritis—this form of infection is marked by inflammation of the urethra, the tube through which urine passes on its way out of the body. It is very uncomfortable, as its main symptoms are overactive bladder and painful burning during urination. If untreated, urethritis can lead to infections in other parts of the bladder.